Increased Military Spending During the Cold War Brought...

The increase in military spending is another argument that caused stagnation in the Soviet Union during the period. Brezhnev spent huge amount of money in the defense sector and according to Blanchard Froot et al. (1994) the share of defense spending in GNP was 12% in 1960-70, and increased by 4% in 1975-80 to 16%, even though the country was is deep economic crisis. Brezhnev increased military spending each year; even as the country needed the spending in other â€Å"important† sectors, to boots the growth of the country, and caused low-level of economic development. Brezhnev increased the spending specifically on nuclear materials production plants, compared to weapons. During this time in history both the superpower, USA and Soviet Union†¦show more content†¦The doctrine made it possible for the country to intervene in another socialist state (any Eastern Bloc nation), internal affairs when the state social system and the states common interests were threatened. I n early 1968 began the Czechoslovak Communist Party under the leadership of Alexander DubÄ ek to introduce a series of reforms, including the abolition of censorship (Fordham.edu, 2014). In response to these efforts, the Soviet Union launched a policy to combat anti-socialist forces (Wilde, 2014). The doctrine was first used in 1968 when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia to end the â€Å"Prague Spring â€Å"(Fordham, 2014). The outcome of the invasion by the Soviet Union made Czechoslovakia go back to communist control, â€Å"even if it meant a third world war† (BBC, 2014). Mikhail Gorbachevs government denounced the Brezhnev doctrine in the late of Soviet Union’s life. Policy change does not necessarily come with leadership change. Russia is a fundamentally different society than the Soviet Union. Communism is replaced by capitalism, Russians can travel abroad and Internet revolution has long since reached the country. Russia connoisseurs are comparing just the Putin-controlled period, which the country is in now, with 18 years under Leonid Brezhnev from 1964 to 1982. Prime Minister Medvedev has talked a lot about modernization, but stagnation is the word that recurs when talkingShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technologic al competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreThe Last Years Of The Soviet Union1396 Words   |  6 Pagestime so dominant fall so far?† In this essay I will examine the circumstances that led up to the Soviet Union’s eventual downfall by mainly focusing Mikhail Gorbachev’s term as leader of the Communist party of the Soviet Union and what changes he brought about through glasnost and perestroika, democratization and the national independence movements that began as a result of it, and lastly failed coup by conservative members of the USSR against Gorbachev that ultimately became the last nail in theRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1858 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Cold War was mainly between the two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, it also encompassed their European allies, split by the Iron Curtain. It divided the world into the Warsaw pact and the NATO, cementing Europeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s role in the Cold War though its alliances. The constant threat of the nuclear weapons meant that the Cold War became more psychological war rather than of military actions1. .The United States developed their nuclear weapons to strengthen their own military potentialRead MoreRonald Reagan s Economic Policies2199 Words   |  9 Pages strong economic growth and the curbing of federal domestic power reinforce the accomplishments of Reaganomics. Though the U.S. did see economic growth, Reaganomics was not purely an economic plan, as cuts in government power, not including the military, benefitted the average American citizen. Moreover, Ronald Reagan’s economic decisions regarding Soviet foreign policy were also extremely beneficial to the United States. The tough decisions to further the national deficit proved a worthy sacrificeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article 9 Of The Japanese Constitution 2725 Words   |  11 Pagesstrategy in Asia remain the principal factors d riving the constitutional reinterpretation. It is a calculated response which has caused Japan to take a new angle in favor of increased military cooperation, a significant albeit justified break from the pacifist connotations of Article 9. Japan’s Recovery In the immediate wake of World War II, Japan was a humiliated, devastated, and occupied state. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were leveled by the first wartime application of nuclear weaponry in history, and TokyoRead MoreCold War Cohesion Division Essay5427 Words   |  22 PagesCold War Essay â€Å"Argue for and against the proposition that; A change in leadership in your area of study always leads to an important change in key ideas and/or ideologies† Oliver Bolt ------------------------------------------------- â€Å"It would be naive to think that the problems plaguing mankind today can be solved with means and methods, which were applied or seemed to work in the past.† Mikhail Gorbachev Throughout the Cold War the Soviet Union went through numerous changes inRead MoreThe World Peace, Freedom, And The Entrenchment Of Human Rights3124 Words   |  13 Pagestoday it seems to be messy, because of many wars, disasters and chaos. In the civilized twenty-first century we are not able to prevent arbitrariness, murder and poverty, although priorities should be the world peace, freedom and the entrenchment of human rights. The organizations such as the United Nations or its subdivision - Security Council, the G8 ( The Group of Eight is the name of a forum for the governments of a group of eight leading advanced economies that was originally formed by six leadingRead Moretfw natty gyno Essay4016 Words   |  17 PagesStalin was the despotic leader of the Soviet Union between 1929 and 1953. During this time, he revolutionised the Russian economy with a combination of rapid industrialisation and centralised economic collectivism, reforms that in some cases caused massive devas tation in rural parts of the country, including the famine of 1932-1933, in which around 6m people starved to death. Stalin carried out purges of the Soviet military, political and elite classes, sending political opponents to work in workRead MoreDiscussion on Whether Stalin Was a Necessary Evil Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesstop rebellions, improve agricultural production, encourage trade and industry and end the desperate famine. Russia moved away from the principle of centralised government control but still by 1928 production levels barely approached pre war levels. Lenins death in 1924 began a period of debate over the direction the Revolution should take. Since Lenin gave no directions as to how the Soviet Union should move on from the NEP or how long it should last, similar to theRead MorePaper Exam 2 History Ib9416 Words   |  38 PagesHistorical processes such as comparison and contrast, placing events in context and evaluating different interpretations are used appropriately and effectively. Topic 1 1. –4– Causes, practices and effects of wars N11/3/HISTX/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M With reference to one war before 1945 and one war after 1945, assess the significance of either air power or naval power in deciding its outcome. Air power can be taken to mean the use of aircraft in a variety of roles – as fighters/strafers, bombers, reconnaissance

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1377 Words

The Fight to Get High For years, the fight over legalizing marijuana has always been on every state’s agenda. However, marijuana continues to stir a lot of debate as to whether or not there are benefits from its use. Some refer to marijuana as a hard drug such as cocaine or heroin, especially since it is still classified as a Schedule I substance under federal law. Nevertheless, many Americans point out the medicinal benefits of the herb from several decades of research and studies. Meanwhile, with states such as Colorado and Washington already legalizing recreational marijuana, other states are starting to consider the pros of passing laws that would allow recreational use. As the legalization of marijuana continues to become a vote on ballots across the country, states, and counties; many Americans are concerned about the negative consequences this reform will have on the American youth rather than focusing on the medicinal benefits to an ill individual’s relief. When it comes to the medicinal use of marijuana, groups who oppose its legalization reply by saying that there is nothing positive someone could get from it because it is just a drug. Meanwhile, decades of studies on medical marijuana have proven there are benefits from its use on ill patients. In the article â€Å"High Times† written by Laura Sanders, she describes both the positives and negatives of marijuana use on a person’s health. In regards to medicinal use, she states,† Marijuana as a medicine is gatheringShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

The Third Level by Jack Finney Lesson Plans Example For Students

The Third Level by Jack Finney Lesson Plans Theme: Charley a thirty one year old having worked late at night enters Grand Central Station from Vanderbilt avenue, with the aim of boarding a train home. As the station is large consisting of various corridors and two levels catering for different trains, he loses his way. He finds himself in what he thinks is the third level of the station. He realizes that something is different there as the people are dressed differently and the area is lit not with the electric light of the modern times but with open gas fires. He suddenly makes the discovery that he has somehow entered the year 1894. he sees the date on the news paper ‘The World’ that has not been published for many years. The paper that he glances at bears the date June 11, 1894. he is filled with excitement and he decides to buy two tickets for Galesburg, the peaceful town that he has grown up in. Charley discovers that he does not have the appropriate currency of that period and is therefore unable to buy the ticket. His wife and his psychiatrist friend, Sam as well as his other friends are quite alarmed when they hear his account and forbid him to seek the third level again. They treat the incident as a figment of his imagination and attribute it to his desire to escape from the stresses of his life. However, Charley’s friend, Sam disappears and Charley finds a letter from him in an old First Day Cover dated July 18th 1894. In the letter, Sam tells Charley that he has settled in down in Galesburg and urges him not to give up his search for the Third level as it is well worth the effort. Sam is now engaged in a nice little hay, feed and grain business, something that he has always wished he could do. The author leaves the readers wondering what the Third Level really is. Though Charley is able to find proof of his experience, is it really possible to make this transition back and forth in time? Jack Finney a writer of science fiction treats his favorite subject, Time in a new dimension. The shadowy, eerie world that lies somewhere between dreams, desires and reality is what he calls The Third Level. It is the point where the past, the present and the future meet and here nothing is, as it seems. Signature of the subject teacher †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Lesson Plan THE THIRD LEVEL Page B Date of starting :†¦2ND APRIL 2009†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Number of periods: . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Actual date of starting: †¦2ND APRIL 2009†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date of completion: †¦18TH APRIL 2009†¦. Short questionsComprehensive questions Attempt the following questions in 60-70 words each: 1. What discovery did Charley make? How? Answer in about 120 words: 1. Do you think that the third level was a medium of escape for Charley? 2. What did Charley’s friends and doctors say about the third level? How did his wife react? What was Charley’s reaction to it? 2. What do you infer from Sam’s letter to Charley? 3. Reaching the third level was just a coincidence. This was not the first time that he had lost his way. Justify. 3. â€Å"The modern world is full of insecurity, fear, war, worry and stress†. What are the ways in which we attempt to overcome them? 4. How the third level at the Grand Central Station was different from other two? 4. Do you see an intersection of time and space in the story? 5. What confirmed to Charley that he was on the third level? Why did Charley wish to go to Galesburg? 5. Apparent illogicality sometimes turns out to be a futuristic projection. Discuss. 6. What was Charley’s reaction after coming back from the third level? 6. Philately helps keep the past alive. Discuss other ways in which this is done. What do you think of the human tendancy to constantly move between the past, the present and the future? 7. What convinces Charley and Louisa about the existence of the third level? 8. What was the psychiatrist’s analysis of Charley’s description of the third level at the Grand Central Station? Signature of the Principal †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT QUESTION WITH ANSWER HINTS: QA. What does Charley, the narrator, say about the Third Level at Grand Central Station? How does does his psychiatrist friend respond? Ans. Charley asserts that there are three levels at Grand Central Station. His assertion is based on his personal experience. He has been on the third level. Among others, he talked to a psychiatrist friend about it. The psychiatrist said that it was waking dream and wish fulfillment. He was unhappy and just wanted to escape. QB. What curious experience did Charley have one day when he went to Grand Central Station to take the subway? Ans. Charley walked down a flight of stairs to the second level. He ducked into a n arched doorway heading for the subway and got lost. The corridor turned left and slopped downwards, but he kept on walking. He heard only the empty sounds of his own footsteps. The tunnel turned sharp left. He went down a short flight of stairs and came out on the third level at Grand Central Station where he had glimpses of the old world life of 1894. QC. What do learn about Galesburg, Illinois during 1894? Ans. Galesburg is described as the wonderful town with big old framed houses and huge lawns. The branches of the splendid old trees met overhead and covered the streets. In 1894, summer evenings were twice as long. People set out on there lawns. The men would be smoking cigars and talking quietly. The women would be waving palm leaf fans. There were fireflies all around. It was a peaceful world that had not been ravaged by the two World Wars of the twentieth century. Q. 1Do you see an intersection of time and space in the story The Third Level†? A free play between fantasy and reality in The Third Level makes the story transcend all barriers of time and space. Thus Charley strays into 1894at the third level and then gets back to the 20th century. Sam transports himself to Galesburg, Illinois in 1894 and yet his communication with Charley in the 20th Century brings about a convincing intersection of time and space. Q. 2How did the psychiatrist explain Charleys flight to the non-existent third level? The psychiatrist explained that Charley couldnt obviously have reached the third level as it didnt exist at all. He was of the view that fear, insecurity, war, worry and the like, made his tension-ridden mind work out an escape route for himself. The third level was a creation of his own imagination and waking-dream wish fulfillment i. . Charleys experience of the third level was a rationalization of his dreams and unfulfilled wishes of the subconscious mind. The flight never took place as the whole episode was a figment of his imagination. Q. 3Yes, Ive taken the obvious stem. Why does Charley term meeting he psychiatrist as an obvious step’? The moment Charley talked about his coming across the non-existent third level, eve rybody got alarmed and felt that he needed to see a psychiatrist. Under the circumstances, it was plain and clear that he should seek an experts opinion to rule out any psychiatric problem. Hence he terms it as an obvious step. Q. 4Why did the psychiatrists analysis make Louisa lose her temper and how did the psychiatrist appease her? Louisa and Charley were leading a happy married life. So, the wife couldnt tolerate the psychiatrists observation about Charley being an unhappy man. However, her anger subsided when he moved on to say that he was referring to modern mans unhappiness in general. Q. 5What was Charleys state of mind as he comes back from the office? Why did he decide to take the subway from the Grand Central Station? Having worked late at the office, Charley was fatigued and bored. He wished to return to his loving wife, Louisa and to the comfort of his home, as fast as possible. The bus would have taken longer to cover the distance, so he decided to take the subway. Q. 6How did Charley reach the third level? In his hurry to take a train back home, Charlie came to Grand Central from Vanderbilt Avenue and took two flights of stairs to reach the second level from where his train was to leave. He got lost while ducking into an arched doorway, which led to the subway and he found himself into a tunnel. The tunnel took him to another flight of stairs at the end of which he found himself on the third level at Grand Central Station. Q. 7What does the third level symbolize? Third Level symbolizes mans yearning to delve deeper into the world of imagination as an escape from the world of harsh realities. It stands for his quest for the fabulous ordinariness of a bygone age that was free from the modern razzle-dazzle, sophistication and material comforts but exuded peace and tranquility. Q. 8What does Grand Central Station symbolize? The Grand Central Station symbolizes the labyrinth that this world is with its intricate and tangled pathways. The network of passages is so complicated that rather than reaching the destination, one keeps on moving up and down all ones life to look for entries and exits. Q. 9Now I dont know why this should have happened to me. Charley wondered why out of the whole tension-ridden world, he alone took a flight to the third level. Why do you think, it happened to him? The level of sensitivity and power of imagination vary from person to person. Caught in the web of monotony, dull routine and fast life, Charley finds it difficult to cope with such a life. So on the wings of imagination; he takes a flight to the non-existent world. Q. 10What does Charley compare Grand Central Station to? Why? Charley compares Grand Central Station to a tree. Just like a tree grows putting forth new leaves and branches and spreading its roots, Grand Central Station seemed to him to be pushing out new corridors and staircases. The comparison of the numerous doorways, stairs and corridors of the station to the roots of the tree is odd yet quite graphic and convincing. Q. 11Give a description of the third level? The general layout of the third level was more or less similar to that of the second level. But it had comparatively smaller rooms, fewer ticket windows and train gates. The information booth in the center was wooden and it bore an old look. One could spot a small Currier Ives locomotive with a funnel-shaped stack on this level. Everyone in the station was dressed like eighteen-ninety-something. Q. 12What sort of dresses and appearance did Charley come across on the third level? Charley came across men and women wearing 19th Century dresses. Men supported fancy moustaches, beards and sideburns. Tiny lapels, four-button suits, derby hats and pocket gold watches seemed to be in fashion. Women went about wearing fancy cut sleeves, long skirts with high-buttoned shoes. Thus, at the third level, Charley was puzzled to see people in old fashioned clothes and hair-style. Q. 13If the third level was just a product of Charleys imagination, why wasnt it rosier than reality? Ordinarily imagination adds color to reality and makes it look larger than life. However, the non-existent third level was a lackluster place because Charleys imagination took him to the past. Somewhere at the back of his mind there was a yearning for the fabulous ordinariness of the bygone days. He was looking for tranquility and not any razzle-dazzle of the modern world. Hence it lacked rosiness. Q. 14How did Charley confirm the specific date of the era that he had passed into? On reaching in third level, Charley was quite puzzled to see a strange looking platform and an outdated locomotive. Even the people seemed strange with their old-fashioned hair-styles, clothes and shoes. To do a reality check, he looked at the newspapers on sale at a kiosk and fond a copy of newspaper The World carrying a lead story on President Cleveland. Clearly, he had got transported to late 19th century. Later on, he confirmed from the Public Library files that the newspaper was dated 11th June, 1994. Q. 15Why did Charley run back from the third level? When Charley produced the modern currency to pay for the two tickets to Galesburg the ticket clerk accused him of trying to cheat and threatened to hand him over to the police. This made Charley sense trouble and he turned away and got cut of the third level fast, lest he was arrested and jailed. Q. 16 Why could Charley not reach the third level again? Charley could not reach the third level of Grand Central Station because despite his best efforts he failed to locate the tunnel that had taken him to this level earlier. A more rational explanation is that he could never experience the same level of consciousness which had transported him earlier to the third level of Grand Central. Q. 17What do you understand by a first-day cover? The value of a newly issued stamp increases if it has the postmark of the date of issue on it. Therefore the stamp collectors buy new stamps on the very first day of its sale and paste them on self-addressed envelopes and post them. These envelopes are called the first day covers. With just a blank paper enclosed inside, they are never opened. Q. 18Why was Sam attracted towards Galesburg? Sam, who was a typical city boy, was fascinated by Charleys description of Galesburg, Illinois, as a wonderful town with big old frame houses, huge lawns and tremendous trees lining the streets. He was so bogged down by the tension and burden of modern life that he thought of escaping to the peaceful world of Galesburg of 1894 with long summer evenings and an easy going, peaceful life. Q. 9How did Charley come to know that Same hand found the third level? Charley came across first day cover that he had never seen in his collection earlier. It had his grandfathers Galesburg address and it contained a note written by Sam mentioning that he had found the third level and was in Galesburg since two weeks. This was a solid proof that Sam had found the third level. Q. 20Sams letter to Charley from Galesburg showed that he was quite ha ppy there. He had taken a fancy to the quiet, simple and peaceful life there away from the hurry and worry of New York. He liked the way people enjoyed music, dance and socializing. It was a perfect place for his hay feed and grain business. He even invites Charley and Louisa to come over to Galesburg through the third level. Q. 21Why did Sam buy eight hundred dollars of old-style currency? What did he think of this bargain? What apparently seemed to be a foolish bargain was considered to be very profitable by him as he had sold his materialistic earnings to buy fulfillment of his soul Moreover, eight hundred dollars was enough to start hay, feed and grain business in Galesburg. Q. 2Why does Charley say, he (Sam) certainly cant go back to his old business? Charley knew that though it was less profitable, the quiet business of hay, feed and grain would given Sam a greater sense of satisfaction. Moreover, being a psychiatrist he had no scope of reverting to his own profession as in 1894 a psychiatrist would be absolutely redundant. By 1894 the science of psychiatry was in its infancy and psychiatrists were relatively unknown. Q. 23Do you think that the Third Level was a medium of escape for Charley? Why? War, Worry, insecurity and fear keep on gnawing at the modern mans mind all the time. Analysis Of Marjane 's ' Persepolis ' EssayFreud’s studies under Charcot influenced him greatly in channeling his interests to psychopathology (the study and treatment of disorders of the mind). In his practice in Vienna, Freud met many patients with nervous disorders for which there was no apparent physical cause. Their symptoms included paralyzed limbs, tics, tremors, loss of consciousness, memory impairment, and numbness that could not be explained. These unexplained cases were labeled as â€Å"neurotic,† meaning that they were similar to neurological conditions. In time they became known collectively as â€Å"neuroses. Freud’s observation of Charcot’s use of hypnosis in the treatment of similar disorders led him to conclude that there could be powerful mental processes operating that remain hidden from conscious understanding. He began to employ hypnosis in his own practice, publishing articles on the subject in 1892. Freud came to understand hyster ical neurotic symptoms as the product of a conflict between opposing mental forces. Conscious forces representing â€Å"will† were balanced by unconscious opposing forces representing â€Å"counterwill. † He understood hypnosis to act on the side of will to subjugate the counterwill, thus obliterating the symptom. The idea of conflict proposed in the 1892 paper â€Å"A Case of Successful Treatment by Hypnotism: With Some Remarks on the Origin of Hysterical Symptoms Through ‘Counterwill’† was to become a fundamental principle of psychoanalysis. BThe Beginning of Psychoanalysis Pioneers of Psychoanalysis In 1909 pioneers of the growing psychoanalytic movement assembled at Clark University to hear lectures by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The group included, top row, left to right, A. A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi, and bottom row, Freud, Clark University President C. Stanley Hall, and Swiss psychiatrist Carl G. Jung. The visit, the only one Freud made to the United States, broadened the influence and popularity of psychoanalysis. Corbis The next important development in Freud’s theory of psychology came out of work he conducted with his friend and colleague Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician who was involved in the treatment of a young woman who was distressed while caring for her dying father. The patient had developed a number of hysterical symptoms, which Breuer initially treated by hypnotic suggestion. Initial success gave way to disappointment when on her father’s death her symptoms returned with increased severity. Somewhat at a loss as to how to proceed, Breuer had continued to talk to his patient on a daily basis and in time she began to talk about various reminiscences from the past and about her daydreams. Remarkably, as her narrative revisited memories from the past, which were associated with the onset of a particular symptom, each symptom disappeared when accompanied by an emotional outburst. Breuer made use of this discovery to eliminate her symptoms one at a time. He called the treatment the cathartic technique (from the Greek katharsis meaning â€Å"purgation†). The treatment was time consuming and required considerable effort to reach dimly recalled and otherwise inaccessible memories. Freud and Breuer published the case and several others in 1895 under the title Studies on Hysteria. Their view was summed up in the statement â€Å"Hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences. † They proposed that when faced with emotionally traumatic memories, hysterics subjugate them from conscious appreciation to prevent the unbearable emotional pain and suffering that they cause. Rather than being driven out of the mind, however, these memories are driven into an area of the mind that is unconscious and inaccessible. Here the memories may be redirected from the emotional system into the somatic (bodily) system and appear as apparently unexplained physical symptoms. The cases that constitute Studies on Hysteria outline the transition from treatment by hypnotic suggestion to the earliest descriptions of what is now known as psychoanalysis. Working on his own Freud hypothesized that hysterical symptoms were most likely to arise when repressed traumatic memories related to adverse childhood sexual experiences. This view generated tremendous controversy at the time because the existence of childhood sexuality was not widely accepted. In time Freud was forced to reconsider this aspect of his theory, instead relating the repressed memories to childhood fantasies of sexuality and their relationship to parental figures. B1Dreams The next development in Freud’s theory stemmed from his observations on dreaming. He came to see that many of the characteristics of dreams were shared with the symptomatic memories recalled by his patients in the narrative of â€Å"free association. In his therapeutic relationship with his patients, Freud had abandoned hypnotic suggestion in favor of encouraging the person to speak freely about whatever came into his or her mind. Unintentionally, the patient would bring order to these free associations, whose structure and content Freud used to try to understand underlying unconscious processes. In dreams Freud noted the same apparently unstructured experiences of thoughts and images coming into the mind that seemed to be representative of some underlying unconscious process. To explain these phenomena, he suggested the existence of an inner censor that effected a compromise between conflicting mental forces and in the process disguised their meaning from conscious appreciation. He defined â€Å"resistance† as the unconscious defense against awareness of repressed experiences in order to avoid the resulting anxiety. He traced the operation of unconscious processes, using the free associations of the patient to guide him in the interpretation of dreams and slips of speech. Slips of speech or parapraxes, now known as â€Å"Freudian slips,† Freud claimed, were revelations of unconscious wishes. His 1904 publication, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, discusses these ideas. Freud came to understand the mind as a series of layers, with the most superficial layers in conscious appreciation and the deeper layers containing repressed memories and remaining unavailable to conscious thought. He termed this the topographical model and likened it to an iceberg, a small part of which is visible above the surface while the greater submerged part remains obscured from view. These ideas were published in 1900 in The Interpretation of Dreams. During the first two decades of the 1900s Freud concentrated on modifying and improving his theory of psychoanalysis. He defined a number of principles and described a model of personality development. B2The Unconscious The Mind as an Iceberg Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, compared the human mind to an iceberg. The tip above the water represents consciousness, and the vast region below the surface symbolizes the unconscious mind. Of Freud’s three basic personality structures—id, ego, and superego—only the id is totally unconscious.  © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Perhaps Freud’s greatest contribution was to describe the unconscious and to postulate that it obeys the principle of psychic determinism, which holds that human thoughts, feelings, and impulses, rather than being random, are linked in a system of causally related phenomena, behind which lies some reason or meaning. Freud concluded that on this basis unconscious processes could be investigated and understood. Some experiences that are not immediately accessible to conscious appreciation can be brought into the conscious mind by the process of remembering. Freud referred to these experiences as the preconscious. Still-deeper thoughts cannot be remembered and are actively repressed in the unconscious. Unconscious experiences, according to Freud, are not subject to the same logic characteristic of conscious experience. Unconscious ideas, images, thoughts, and feelings can be condensed or dramatized in the form of abstract concepts and imagery. Often the relationship between the original experience and the unconscious symbolic representation can seem obscure. B3Role of Conflict The central theme of conflict had arisen early in Freud’s work. Conflict arises in a person’s conscious mind when one set of beliefs impacts adversely on another area of belief, causing emotional suffering felt as disappointment, anger, or frustration. Freud was interested in the unconscious aspect of mental conflict. He described the â€Å"pleasure principle† as another fundamental of psychoanalytic theory. This holds that human beings have a tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. The principle is said to dominate in early life, bringing the developing individual into conflict with the external world. These conflicts are retained in the unconscious. Freud’s original concept held that the conflicts of early life arose as a result of innate human drives or instincts. He conceptualized how development might occur in terms of the drives and their satisfaction according to the pleasure principle. Among the chief drives was the libidinal, or sexual, drive, which serves the human species by directing individuals to reproduce. Awareness of a need to keep rein on the free expression of drives gradually develops, and failure to rein in these drives (and fantasies about their expression) is felt as guilt. Life becomes an equilibrium between drives, conflicts, and reality. Freud believed that by understanding the crucial events and fantasy wishes of childhood, psychoanalysis could shed understanding on later adult character development with its attendant conflicts and neurotic symptoms. Later, he extended his model to include psychoses (serious mental disorders in which people have a distorted view of reality). Conflicts repressed into the unconscious are retained, according to Freud. From time to time they may overcome repression and reemerge into conscious appreciation, precipitating anxiety or panic. To counteract this, the individual unconsciously produces various defense mechanisms, which become part of that person’s character. Examples of defense mechanisms include projection, where the individual ascribes to others his or her own unconscious desires (â€Å"I hate you,† for example, becomes â€Å"You hate me†), and reaction formation, where the individual adopts a pattern of behavior directly opposed to a strong unconscious drive. In 1923 Freud reformulated his ideas in a structural model of the mind that postulated the existence of the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud gave the name â€Å"id† to unconscious drives. The id knows nothing of morality or reality. It seeks only to gratify the instinctual drives, and it operates solely according to the pleasure principle. Freud held that the biological drives of a young person are often frustrated by delays and restricted by the demands of parents and other older members of the family. As time passes, the demands of the community or society also become important obstacles to id gratification. In adapting to the environment, the child begins to acquire an ego, or set of conscious perceptions, memories, and thoughts that enable the person to deal effectively with reality. Thus, according to Freud, the ego obeys the reality principle. As the individual absorbs the teachings of family and society, he develops a superego, or conscience, that frequently conflicts with the drives of the id. In many cases the ego reduces the conflict by at least partially fulfilling the id impulses through socially acceptable behavior. Often, however, the conflict disappears on the conscious level as unfulfilled impulses are repressed into the unconscious mind. Freud’s therapy consisted of listening to the patient relate a narrative of free associations over many sessions. By listening to the patient’s associations, Freudian slips, contents of dreams, and thoughts, he linked and interpreted these experiences to the patient’s conscious world. He came to understand the nature of â€Å"transference,† in hich the patient develops feelings for the therapist that are in fact representative of previous feelings toward other important figures in the patient’s life. These thoughts and feelings Freud interpreted and linked to the patient’s current emotional state. CFreud and His Times C1Major Influences Freud’s early psychological work shows the inf luence of the sciences of the day on his thinking. Ideas from physics, chemistry, and evolutionary theory occur regularly in his writing. At the time, Charles Darwin’s writings, especially the theory of evolution, were challenging contemporary Judeo-Christian belief. Indeed it was Darwin who emphasized instincts for survival and reproduction, formulated in Freud’s theory as basic drives. Freud’s ideas can be seen in the same context as Darwin’s. Freud, too, challenged philosophical and religious thinking by suggesting that human beings were rather less in control of their own thoughts and actions than previously believed. His contention that unconscious thoughts and actions had to arise from within the self rather than from God conflicted with the contemporary notion of soul. From Freud’s time on, the disciplines of philosophy and psychology developed separately. Freud was particularly interested in the â€Å"association† school of psychology, which included Johann Friedrich Herbart and Wilhelm Max Wundt, the former of whom may have contributed to free association as a therapeutic technique. Psychodynamic theory—the model of conflicting forces influencing the subconscious—also has its origins in the physical concepts of opposing forces and vector analysis. Freud’s theory that unresolved conflicts can be converted into physical symptoms reflects the principle of conservation of energy held by the first law of thermodynamics. Yet Freud’s ideas were new and radical, and it is easy to see why Freud came into conflict so readily with the society and establishment of his time. He relied on the support of friends such as Breuer. By 1906, however, a small number of pupils and followers had gathered around Freud, including Austrians William Stekel, Alfred Adler, and Otto Rank; American Abraham Brill; and Eugen Bleuler and Carl Jung from Switzerland. Other notable associates, who joined the circle in 1908, were Hungarian Sandor Ferenczi and Briton Ernest Jones. C2International Acceptance Increasing recognition of the psychoanalytic movement made possible the formation in 1910 of a worldwide organization called the International Psychoanalytic Association. As the movement spread, gaining new adherents through Europe and the United States, Freud was troubled by the dissension that arose among members of his original circle. Most disturbing were the defections from the group of Adler and Jung, each of whom developed a different theoretical basis for disagreement with Freud’s emphasis on the sexual origin of neurosis. Freud met these setbacks by developing further his basic concepts and by elaborating his own views in many publications and lectures. After the onset of World War I (1914-1918) Freud devoted little time to clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to the interpretation of religion, mythology, art, and literature. Among his later writings are Totem and Taboo (1913), Ego and the Id (1923), New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1933), and Moses and Monotheism (1939). Freud created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality by his demonstration of the existence and force of the unconscious. In addition, he founded a new medical discipline and formulated basic therapeutic procedures that in modified form are still applied in the treatment of neuroses and psychoses. Although never accorded full recognition during his lifetime, Freud is generally acknowledged as one of the great creative minds of modern times. His daughter Anna Freud also became a well-known psychoanalyst.

Media analyse two adverts Essay Example For Students

Media analyse two adverts Essay In this essay I have chosen to compare two adverts. I chose two from a magazine called VOGUE, I chose them as they both were linked by the theme of fashion but were advertising different products, this will help me show differences between the adverts but the fashion theme will help me to also highlight similarities. The first advert I chose was by a company called Garrard they make fashion accessories such as leather accessories, silverware and also jewellery which is what they are mainly known for. The advert I chose has specifically advertised jewellery in this case a ring and a necklace. On face value the advert has a ring and a necklace laid on a picture of a of the U. K flag. Part of both pieces of jewellery look like wings and they are put into position so that the flag looks as though it has wings. The words rock hard are also on the flag this is a Garrard logo which is also used on the website. At the bottom of the advert is the address of Garrard shops, the website address and the Garrard logo in bold letters. The second advert I have chose is by a designer called Yves Saint Laurent or YSL, this company is known mainly for its perfume and clothes. This advert is advertising a new perfume fragrance however there are six people in the advert who are wearing YSL clothes but the advert is not specifically advertising them. On face value the advert is focusing on a woman surrounded by men the men are in suits and the woman is In a white dress at the bottom of the advert is the Yves Saint Laurent logo and above this is the word Cinema which is the name of the fragrance. Also in the bottom right corner of the advert is a picture of the perfume bottle. These adverts attracted me as they were both bold and in your face so I was immediately attracted to look at them. In the Garrard advert the image of the British flag immediately hits you I think this is used to make a statement. The flag being on a white background makes the flag stand out also the fact that is the British flag is to make the viewer relate to Britain in some way. If somebody relates to something in an advert it makes them want to buy the item more so the British flag make this happen. Also the British flag relates to the designers nationality as the designer is Jade Jagger. As the flag reminds you that the designer is the daughter of a legendary rock star(Mick Jagger) it gives the advert a celebrity appeal this would appeal to rock fans or Mick Jagger fans so this again would give the reader something else to relate to which gives readers more reason to buy the product. The rock and punk element that surrounds Mick and Jade Jagger is again emphasised with the words Rock Hard written across the advert. This implies that whoever wears this will look rock hard and strong so the product instantly conveys an image of strength so would appeal to anybody who would like that image. Also the word Rock obviously relates again to Mick Jaggers music again reminding you that Mick Jaggerss daughter is designing the jewellery. The word Rock also brings images of partying and the word Hard could convey that whoever wears this is the type of person to party Hard. Again this would appeal to anybody who wants to have this image. The skulls on the necklace repeat this Rock image of the necklace as skulls are associated with rock music and being wild. The necklace and ring have a large wing on them this again emphasises partying as the symbol is loud. The wings also give the impression that somebody is free and original so people would buy this to have an image of being a free spirit and being original. Being original is important into todays fashion circles so this aspect of the advert raises the chances of viewers buying these pieces of jewellery. Other aspects of the advert relate more .